Block Header
login

Block Header

Block headers serve an important intermediary role in the creation and transmission of blocks.
They are a fixed-width (80-byte) representation of the entire block.
With a block header, you can:

  1. Calculate the hash of the block.
    • The double SHA-256 hash of the block header.
  2. Confirm the proof of work was executed correctly.
  3. Determine the relative location of the block in the blockchain.
    • Using the previous block hash contained in the header

Since validation of all the transactions in the block can be expensive, the ability to perform these checks on the block before downloading and validating its transactions helps make denial-of-service attacks on the network significantly more expensive for attackers.

Block Header Format

Field Length Format Description
version 4 bytes unsigned integer(LE) The block format version. Currently 0x04000000.
For more details refer to the block version history.
previous block hash 32 bytes block hash(LE) The hash of the block immediately preceding this block in the blockchain.
merkle root 32 bytes merkle root(LE) The merkle tree root of the transactions in the block.
timestamp 4 bytes unix timestamp(LE) The epoch timestamp of the block in seconds.
target 4 bytes compressed target(LE) The target that the block hash must be below to be valid. This value is determined by the timestamps of previously mined blocks. See Target for more information.
nonce 4 bytes bytes(LE) A random value that is repeatedly changes during block mining in order to achieve the block hash requirements.

Compressed Target Format

Within the block header, the target uses a special floating-point representation that helps keep the size of the block header small.
While the difficulty adjustment algorithm attempts to calculate the ideal target (i.e. the value the block hash must be “less than”), it undergoes a lossy conversion when put in the block header:

Field Length Format Description
exponent 1 byte byte Used to calculate the offset for the signficand. The actual exponent is 8 * (exponent - 3).
significand 3 byte bytes The significand, or mantissa, of the value.

Ultimately, the target is equal to:

significand * 2(8 * (exponent - 3))